Russia had only three sovereign creditors in 2021 — France, South Korea and India. Moscow's debt before the first two decreased throughout the year: by 34% to $315.6 million for France and by 20% to $279.7 million for South Korea.
India first provided Russia with a loan in 2020 in the amount of $190 million. This debt increased 3.2 times to $610 million in 2021.
Russia's total external debt amounted to $481.4 billion in 2021, rising by 4.4% from 2020. About 21% of it belonged to bondholders, having dropped 8.3% to $99.4 billion by the year-end. The main share of Russia's external debt, 73.8%, belonged to large non-state institutional creditors, having increased by 3.6% to $355.4 billion by the year-end.